The European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is the UKs the third most common native tree and provides habitats and resources for over 1000 other species. Ash trees provide unique habitat services through leaf litter composition, fast nutrient cycling and light penetrable canopies.
Ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) is a species of fungus originating from East Asia and has spread rapidly through the UK following its introduction via the importation of infected trees from mainland Europe to the UK. It was first recorded in southeast England in 2012, however it is thought it may have been present in the UK since 2005. The spores of the fungus are easily spread over many kilometres by the wind making it difficult to control. It is estimated that up to 80% of all ash trees within the UK will be affected by ash dieback in the future.
The European ash has no natural defences against this fungus, unlike the native hosts, the Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) and the Chinese ash (Fraxinus chinensis), which have natural defences after evolving alongside the fungus. The fungus penetrates the leaves of the European ash, growing inside the infected tree, blocking the water transport system causing the tree to die. One silver lining is that the dead and decaying trees, if left in situ, can provide valuable habitats for birds, bats and invertebrates.
To manage the spread of ash dieback, bans were placed on UK imports of ash seeds, plants and trees in 2012. Removal of infected trees and pre-emptive removal of trees is carried out in some areas to curb the spread. It is also vital to increase the overall resilience of woodlands by increasing diversity of tree species so if ash trees do become infected within a woodland there are enough other species that can survive to support the ecosystem.
Citizens and landowners are pivotal to reducing the spread of ash dieback. As demonstrated by citizen science projects such as ‘Ashtag’, which enabled citizens to identify ash trees with potential resilience to the fungus, and ‘Observatree’ which helps train people to monitor ash trees. Recently, the Ash Archive has made a big impact on halting the devastation of ash dieback. Government funding and research alongside the Future Trees Trust, Forest Research, Forestry England, Kew Gardens and Fera has culminated in the planting over 3,000 dieback resistant trees in Hampshire – a huge step in the right direction to protecting Britain’s Ash trees, and a good template for protecting Britain’s trees from other outbreaks in the future.
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